1. States of Matter

• • Properties of solids, liquids, and gases
  • Particle theory and changes of state
  • Effects of temperature and pressure on gases

2. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

• • Differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures
  • Atomic structure and the Periodic Table
  • Isotopes and their properties

3. Stoichiometry

• • Chemical formulae and equations
  • Relative masses of atoms and molecules
  • The mole concept and Avogadro's constant
  • Empirical and molecular formulae

4. Electrochemistry

• • Electrolysis and its applications
  • Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells

5. Chemical Energetics

• • Exothermic and endothermic reactions
  • Energy changes in reactions and bond energies

6. Chemical Reactions

• • Physical and chemical changes
  • Rates of reaction and collision theory
  • Reversible reactions and equilibrium
  • Redox reactions

7. Acids, Bases, and Salts

• • Properties of acids and bases
  • Preparation of salts
  • The pH scale and indicators

8. The Periodic Table

• • Periodic trends and properties of elements
  • Group I, VII, and transition elements
  • Noble gases

9. Metals

• • Properties and uses of metals
  • Alloys and their properties
  • Reactivity series and extraction of metals
  • Corrosion and prevention methods

10. Chemistry of the Environment

• • Water and its treatment
  • Air quality and climate change
  • Fertilisers and their environmental impact

11. Organic Chemistry

• • Hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes)
  • Alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters
  • Polymers and their properties

12. Experimental Techniques and Chemical Analysis

• • Experimental design and measurement techniques
  • Acid-base titrations and chromatography
  • Separation and purification methods
  • Identification of ions and gases

1. Number

• Core Curriculum:

  • Vocabulary and notation for different sets of numbers: natural numbers, primes, squares, cubes, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, real numbers, and triangle numbers.
  • Use of the four operations and brackets.
  • Highest common factor (HCF) and lowest common multiple (LCM).
  • Calculation of powers and roots.
  • Ratio and proportion, including use of map scales.
  • Equivalences between decimals, fractions, and percentages.
  • Percentages including applications such as interest and profit.
  • Meaning of exponents (powers) in integers and standard form.
  • Estimating, rounding, decimal places, and significant figures.
  • Calculations involving time: seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years.
  • Problems involving speed, distance, and time.

• Extended Curriculum:

  • Absolute value.
  • Surds and rationalization of the denominator.

2. Algebra

• Core Curriculum:

  • Writing, showing, and interpreting inequalities on the real number line.
  • Solution of simple linear inequalities.
  • Solution of linear equations.
  • Simple indices – multiplying and dividing.
  • Derivation, rearrangement, and evaluation of simple formulae.
  • Solution of simultaneous linear equations in two variables.
  • Expansion of brackets and factorization.
  • Algebraic fractions: simplification, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
  • Use of a graphic display calculator to solve equations.

• Extended Curriculum:

  • Solution of linear and quadratic inequalities.
  • Indices.
  • Expansion of brackets including the square of a binomial.
  • Factorization: common factor, difference of squares, trinomial, and four-term.
  • Solution of quadratic equations by factorization, using a graphic display calculator, and using the quadratic formula.
  • Use of a graphic display calculator for unfamiliar equations.

3. Functions

• Core Curriculum:

  • Notation, domain, and range.
  • Mapping diagrams.

• Extended Curriculum:

  • Recognition of linear, quadratic, cubic, reciprocal, exponential, absolute value, and trigonometric functions from their graphs.
  • Determination of function parameters.
  • Finding quadratic functions given vertex and another point or x-intercepts.
  • Understanding asymptotes and their graphical identification.
  • Use of a graphic display calculator for sketching graphs, finding zeros, local maxima, or minima.
  • Simplifying expressions such as f(g(x)) where g(x) is a linear expression.
  • Transformations of graphs of functions.

4. Geometry

• Core Curriculum:

  • Use and interpretation of geometrical terms and vocabulary of triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, and solid figures.
  • Line and rotational symmetry.
  • Angle measurement, angles around a point, angles on a straight line, vertically opposite angles, alternate and corresponding angles on parallel lines.
  • Angle sum of triangles and quadrilaterals.
  • Interior and exterior angles of polygons.
  • Similarity and calculation of lengths of similar figures.
  • Pythagoras’ theorem in two dimensions.
  • Properties of circles: tangents, angles in a semicircle, and angles at the center and circumference.

• Extended Curriculum:

  • Use of area and volume scale factors.
  • Pythagoras’ theorem and its converse in two and three dimensions.
  • Properties of circles including cyclic quadrilaterals and alternate segments.

5. Trigonometry

• Core Curriculum:

  • Right-angled triangle trigonometry.
  • Applications: bearings and problems in two dimensions.

• Extended Curriculum:

  • Exact values for trigonometric ratios of specific angles.
  • Sine rule, cosine rule, and area of a triangle using trigonometric functions.
  • Properties of graphs of trigonometric functions.

6. Vectors and Transformations

• Core Curriculum:

  • Notation, component form.
  • Transformations: translation, reflection, rotation, enlargement.

• Extended Curriculum:

  • Addition and subtraction of vectors, negative vectors, multiplication by a scalar.
  • Magnitude of vectors.
  • Transformations: stretch, inverse of a transformation, combined transformations.

7. Mensuration

• Core Curriculum:

  • Units of measurement and conversions.
  • Perimeter and area of rectangles, triangles, and compound shapes.
  • Circumference and area of a circle, arc length, and area of a sector.
  • Surface area and volume of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, spheres, and hemispheres.

• Extended Curriculum:

  • Areas and volumes of compound shapes.

8. Probability and Statistics

• Core Curriculum:

  • Probability as a fraction, decimal, or percentage.
  • Relative frequency as an estimate of probability.
  • Expected frequency of occurrences.
  • Combining events: simple cases and tree diagrams.
  • Probabilities from Venn diagrams and tables.
  • Reading and interpretation of graphs or tables of data.
  • Discrete and continuous data.
  • Mean, mode, median, quartiles, and range from lists of data and grouped data.
  • Cumulative frequency table and curve.
  • Correlation and line of best fit.

• Extended Curriculum:

  • Addition and multiplication rules for probability.
  • Linear inequalities in the Cartesian plane.
  • Use of graphic display calculators for statistics.

Course Overview: The Cambridge IGCSE Physics course is designed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the principles and concepts of physics. Students will gain practical skills and theoretical knowledge essential for further studies or careers in scientific fields.

Syllabus Content:

1. Motion, Forces, and Energy

• 1.1 Physical Quantities and Measurement Techniques

  • Use of rulers and measuring cylinders
  • Measurement of time intervals with clocks and timers
  • Determining averages for small distances and short intervals of time

• 1.2 Motion

  • Definition of speed and velocity
  • Equations: v=stv = \frac{s}{t}v=ts​, average speed
  • Distance-time and speed-time graphs
  • Calculations of speed, distance, and acceleration

• 1.3 Mass and Weight

  • Difference between mass and weight
  • Gravitational field strength

• 1.4 Density

  • Definition and calculation of density
  • Determination of density for various objects

• 1.5 Forces

  • Effects of forces on objects
  • Load-extension graphs and associated experiments

2. Thermal Physics

• 2.1 Thermal Properties and Temperature

  • Methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation
  • Measuring temperature

• 2.2 Thermal Processes

  • Laws of thermodynamics
  • Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

3. Waves

• 3.1 General Wave Properties

  • Types of waves and their properties
  • Wave equations and diagrams

• 3.2 Light

  • Reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light
  • Optical instruments and their uses

• 3.3 Sound

  • Properties of sound waves
  • Applications of sound in technology

4. Electricity and Magnetism

• 4.1 Electrical Quantities

  • Charge, current, voltage, and resistance
  • Ohm’s Law

• 4.2 Electrical Circuits

  • Series and parallel circuits
  • Practical circuit problems and solutions

• 4.3 Electromagnetism

  • Magnetic fields and electromagnetism
  • Electromagnetic induction

5. Nuclear Physics

• 5.1 Atomic Physics

  • Structure of the atom
  • Radioactivity and its applications

• 5.2 Nuclear Energy

  • Fission and fusion
  • Uses and implications of nuclear energy

6. Space Physics

• 6.1 The Solar System

  • Structure and features of the solar system
  • Movement of celestial bodies

• 6.2 The Universe

  • Theories of the origin and evolution of the universe
  • Exploration and study of space

Assessment: The assessment consists of three papers:

• Core Papers:
  • Paper 1: Multiple Choice (Core)
  • Paper 3: Theory (Core)
• Extended Papers:
  • Paper 2: Multiple Choice (Extended)
  • Paper 4: Theory (Extended)
• Practical Papers:
  • Paper 5: Practical Test
  • Paper 6: Alternative to Practical

Learning Objectives:

• Develop an understanding of the basic principles and concepts of physics
• Acquire practical skills through experiments and investigations
• Apply knowledge to solve problems and understand the world
• Communicate scientific ideas effectively

Key Skills Developed:

• Analytical thinking and problem-solving
• Practical laboratory skills
• Scientific communication and reporting
• Application of theoretical knowledge to real-world situations

Syllabus Content

1. Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms

   • Understand the characteristics of living organisms.
   • Learn the classification system of living organisms.

2. Organisation of the Organism

   • Study cell structure and organization.
   • Explore levels of organization.

3. Movement into and out of Cells

   • Understand diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

4. Biological Molecules

   • Learn about the chemical elements that make up biological molecules.

5. Enzymes

   • Study the role and function of enzymes.

6. Plant Nutrition

   • Understand photosynthesis and the essential nutrients for plants.

7. Human Nutrition

   • Explore the components of a balanced diet and human digestive system.

8. Transport in Plants

   • Learn about the xylem and phloem and their roles in plant transport.

9. Transport in Animals

   • Study the circulatory system in humans.

10. Diseases and Immunity

    • Understand the causes and transmission of diseases.
    • Learn about the immune system and how it fights diseases.

11. Gas Exchange in Humans

    • Study the human respiratory system.

12. Respiration

    • Learn about aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

13. Excretion in Humans

    • Understand the excretory system and the process of excretion.

14. Coordination and Response

    • Study the nervous and hormonal control in humans.

15. Drugs

    • Learn about the effects of drugs on the body.

16. Reproduction

    • Explore human reproductive system and the process of reproduction.

17. Inheritance

    • Study genetic inheritance and variation.

18. Variation and Selection

    • Understand natural selection and evolution.

19. Organisms and Their Environment

    • Learn about ecosystems, food chains, and webs.

20. Human Influences on Ecosystems

    • Study the impact of human activities on ecosystems.

21. Biotechnology and Genetic Modification

    • Understand the applications and implications of biotechnology.

Assessment Overview

1. Core Assessment (for grades C to G)

   • Paper 1: Multiple Choice (Core)
     • Duration: 45 minutes
     • Marks: 40
     • Format: 40 multiple-choice questions
     • Assesses: AO1 (Knowledge and understanding) and AO2 (Handling information and problem-solving)
   • Paper 3: Theory (Core)
     • Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes
     • Marks: 80
     • Format: Short-answer and structured questions
     • Assesses: AO1 and AO2

2. Extended Assessment (for grades A to G)*

   • Paper 2: Multiple Choice (Extended)
     • Duration: 45 minutes
     • Marks: 40
     • Format: 40 multiple-choice questions
     • Assesses: AO1 and AO2
   • Paper 4: Theory (Extended)
     • Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes
     • Marks: 80
     • Format: Short-answer and structured questions
     • Assesses: AO1 and AO2

3. Practical Assessment

   • Paper 5: Practical Test
     • Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes
     • Marks: 40
     • Format: Questions based on experimental skills
     • Assesses: AO3 (Experimental skills and investigations)
   • Paper 6: Alternative to Practical
     • Duration: 1 hour
     • Marks: 40
     • Format: Questions based on experimental skills
     • Assesses: AO3

Assessment Objectives (AO)

1. AO1: Knowledge with Understanding

   • Demonstrate knowledge of scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, and theories.
   • Use scientific vocabulary, terminology, and conventions.

2. AO2: Handling Information and Problem-solving

   • Select, organize, and present information.
   • Manipulate numerical and other data.
   • Identify patterns, report trends, and draw conclusions.

3. AO3: Experimental Skills and Investigations

   • Select and use techniques, apparatus, and materials.
   • Plan experiments and investigations.
   • Record observations and data.
   • Evaluate methods and suggest improvements.

1. Reading

• • Understanding public notices and signs (including timetables and advertisements).
  • Identifying and selecting correct details from simple texts.
  • Selecting and organizing relevant information from a range of texts such as blogs, brochures, emails, forms, imaginative writing, letters, magazines, newspapers, and webpages.
  • Identifying ideas, opinions, and attitudes in a range of texts.
  • Understanding implied meanings, such as gist, opinion, writer’s purpose, and intention.
  • Identifying important points or themes within an extended piece of writing.
  • Drawing conclusions from an extended text and recognizing connections between related ideas within a text.

2. Writing

• • Communicating factual information, ideas, and arguments in short and extended writing tasks in appropriate and accurate Urdu.
  • Responding to a written stimulus and using appropriate register and style/format for the given purpose and audience (e.g., summary, informal letter/email, article, blog, report, review).
  • Using a range of grammatical structures, punctuation, and vocabulary.
  • Expressing opinions and using appropriate register/style.
  • Selecting and organizing information and ideas into coherent paragraphs and using a range of linking devices.

3. Listening

• • Understanding factual information and ideas from a range of sources (e.g., recorded phone message, news or weather report, travel broadcast, interview, dialogue, memoir, telephone conversation).
  • Identifying relevant information and selecting correct details from a range of sources.
  • Identifying ideas, opinions, and attitudes from a range of sources and understanding the connections between them.
  • Showing some awareness of what is implied but not directly stated, such as gist, purpose, and intention.

4. Speaking (optional)

• • Communicating factual information, ideas, and arguments.
  • Using a range of appropriate vocabulary and grammatical structures with suitable pronunciation and intonation.
  • Organizing and linking ideas with a range of appropriate linking devices.
  • Giving a short, clear presentation on a chosen topic.
  • Responding to questions on topics such as past and present schooling, future plans, and current affairs.
  • Engaging in conversation and demonstrating flexibility in dealing with new ideas and other speakers’ responses.

Syllabus Content

1. Reading

   • Comprehension of a wide range of texts
   • Analysis of text structure, language, and style
   • Comparison of different texts

2. Writing

   • Writing for different purposes and audiences (e.g., descriptive, narrative, argumentative)
   • Use of appropriate vocabulary, grammar, spelling, and punctuation
   • Structuring texts coherently

3. Speaking and Listening

   • Delivering presentations
   • Participating in discussions and debates
   • Listening and responding to questions

4. Literature

   • Study of prose, poetry, and drama
   • Analysis of themes, characters, and settings
   • Critical appreciation of literary techniques

Assessment Overview

1. Paper 1: Reading

   • Duration: 2 hours
   • Marks: 80
   • Format: Structured and extended writing questions based on three reading texts
   • Weighting: 50% of total marks
   • Assesses: Comprehension, summary, and analysis skills

2. Paper 2: Directed Writing and Composition

   • Duration: 2 hours
   • Marks: 80
   • Format: Extended writing question and a composition task
   • Weighting: 50% of total marks
   • Assesses: Writing skills, including organization and structure

3. Component 3: Coursework Portfolio

   • Marks: 80
   • Format: Three extended writing assignments
   • Weighting: 50% of total marks (alternative to Paper 2)
   • Assesses: Writing skills, including use of vocabulary and grammar

4. Component 4: Speaking and Listening Test

   • Duration: Approx. 10–12 minutes
   • Marks: 40
   • Format: Individual talk and conversation
   • Weighting: Separately endorsed
   • Assesses: Speaking and listening skills

Syllabus Content Overview

1. The History and Culture of Pakistan

   • Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement
   • The emergence of Pakistan (1906-1947)
   • Nationhood (1947-1999)

2. The Environment of Pakistan

   • The land of Pakistan
   • Natural resources and sustainability
   • Power and energy
   • Agricultural development
   • Industrial development
   • Trade
   • Transport and telecommunications
   • Population and employment

Assessment Overview Candidates take two compulsory papers:

1. Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan

   • Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes
   • Sections:
     • Section A: One compulsory question (25 marks) with four parts, linked by a common theme.
     • Section B: Two questions from a choice of four (50 marks).
   • Total: 75 marks
   • Weighting: 50%

2. Paper 2: The Environment of Pakistan

   • Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes
   • Candidates answer three questions from a choice of five.
   • Each question consists of four separate parts, requiring the interpretation and analysis of resources.
   • Total: 75 marks
   • Weighting: 50%

Syllabus Aims

• To acquire knowledge and understanding of the human past and historical events.
• To investigate historical changes, people, and issues.
• To develop an understanding of how the past has been represented and interpreted.
• To understand the nature and use of historical evidence.
• To develop an interest and enthusiasm for history.
• To understand the nature of cause and consequence, continuity and change, and similarity and difference.

Assessment Objectives

1. AO1: Recall, select, use, and communicate knowledge and understanding.
2. AO2: Demonstrate understanding through explanation, interpretation, analysis, and evaluation.
3. AO3: Apply knowledge and understanding of physical and human environments.
4. AO4: Apply skills and interpret various environmental and historical resources.

Teacher Support

• Access to current and future syllabuses, specimen papers, past question papers, examiner reports, and grade threshold tables from the Cambridge website.
• Additional support materials are available from the School Support Hub for teachers at registered Cambridge schools.
• Training and professional development opportunities for teachers are provided to ensure they have the relevant knowledge and skills to deliver the qualifications.

Additional Information

• Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies is accepted by universities and employers as proof of knowledge and understanding.
• It provides a foundation for further study in related subjects and prepares candidates for future employment in various occupations and professions.
• The syllabus emphasizes the development of skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and effective communication.

Syllabus Overview

The Cambridge IGCSE Geography syllabus is designed to develop an understanding of both the physical and human environment, the processes which affect their development, and the interrelationships between them. The course aims to create an appreciation of the complexity of the earth and the interactions between its natural and human systems.

Aims The aims are to enable students to:

• Understand location on a local, regional, and global scale.
• Develop an awareness of the characteristics and processes affecting physical and human environments.
• Understand the interactions between people and their environment.
• Appreciate and concern for the environment and the earth's landscapes, processes, and phenomena.

Content Overview

The syllabus is divided into three main themes:

1. Population and Settlement

   • Population dynamics
   • Migration
   • Population structure
   • Population density and distribution
   • Settlements (rural and urban) and service provision
   • Urban settlements
   • Urbanization

2. The Natural Environment

   • Earthquakes and volcanoes
   • Rivers
   • Coasts
   • Weather
   • Climate and natural vegetation

3. Economic Development

   • Development
   • Food production
   • Industry
   • Tourism
   • Energy
   • Water
   • Environmental risks of economic development

Assessment Overview

Candidates take three components:

1. Paper 1: Geographical Themes (1 hour 45 minutes, 45% of total marks)

   • Candidates answer three questions, each worth 25 marks, covering all three themes.

2. Paper 2: Geographical Skills (1 hour 30 minutes, 27.5% of total marks)

   • Candidates answer all questions which test skills in application, interpretation, and analysis of geographical information.

3. Component 3: Coursework or Paper 4: Alternative to Coursework (27.5% of total marks)

   • Coursework involves a center-based assignment of up to 2000 words.
   • Alternative to Coursework involves a written paper with tasks on issues relating to one or more of the syllabus themes.

Detailed Content

Theme 1: Population and Settlement

• Population Dynamics: Causes and effects of over-population and under-population, birth rate, death rate, and migration.
• Migration: Reasons for migration, impacts on destination and origin, and case studies of international migration.
• Population Structure: Age/sex pyramids and implications for countries at different development levels.
• Population Density and Distribution: Physical, economic, social, and political factors influencing density and distribution.
• Settlements and Service Provision: Patterns of settlement, factors influencing sites, growth, functions of settlements, and hierarchy of settlements and services.
• Urban Settlements: Characteristics and changes in land use, urban problems, causes, and solutions.
• Urbanization: Rapid urban growth, impacts on rural and urban areas, and strategies to reduce negative impacts.

Theme 2: The Natural Environment

• Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Types, features, causes, effects, hazards, opportunities, and management.
• Rivers: Hydrological characteristics, river processes, landforms, hazards, opportunities, and flood management.
• Coasts: Coastal processes, landforms, hazards, opportunities, and erosion management.
• Weather: Collection of weather data, interpretation of weather and climate graphs.
• Climate and Natural Vegetation: Characteristics of equatorial and hot desert climates, ecosystems, deforestation causes, and effects.

Theme 3: Economic Development

• Development: Indicators of development, inequalities, classification of production sectors, employment structures, globalisation impacts.
• Food Production: Agricultural systems, causes and effects of food shortages, solutions.
• Industry: Industrial systems, factors influencing location, distribution of factories, industrial zones.
• Tourism: Growth of tourism, benefits, and disadvantages, sustainable management.
• Energy: Non-renewable and renewable energy sources, benefits and disadvantages.
• Water: Methods of water supply, usage proportions, water shortages, future management.
• Environmental Risks: Threats posed by economic activities, sustainable development, resource conservation.

Introduction

• The Cambridge IGCSE™ Islamiyat syllabus (0493) is designed for exams in 2024 and 2025. Exams are held in June and November series.
• The syllabus aims to prepare students with knowledge of major sources of Islam, its beliefs, and its early history.

Syllabus Aims and Objectives

• Aims:

  • Acquire knowledge of Islam's major sources, beliefs, and history.
  • Develop an enquiring approach to the study of Islam.
  • Identify and explore religious, historical, and moral questions.

• Assessment Objectives:

  • AO1: Recall, select, and present relevant facts about Islam's faith and history.
  • AO2: Demonstrate understanding of their significance in Islamic teachings and Muslims' lives.

Syllabus Content

• Paper 1 (1½ hours)

  • Major themes of the Qur’an: Study three groups of passages related to God, His relationship with the world, and His Messengers.
  • The history and importance of the Qur’an: Study its revelation, compilation, major themes, and significance.
  • The life and importance of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh): Study the main events of his life, his character, and his significance.
  • The first Islamic community: Study the Prophet’s wives, descendants, leading Companions, and the four Rightly Guided Caliphs during his lifetime.

• Paper 2 (1½ hours)

  • Major teachings in the Hadiths of the Prophet: Study teachings about individual conduct and life in the community.
  • The history and importance of the Hadiths: Study the compilation, collections, compilers, methods to test reliability, and their significance.
  • The period of rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs: Study the main events, policies, achievements, and significance of their rules.
  • The Articles of Faith and the Pillars of Islam: Study the Six Articles of Faith and the Five Pillars of Islam, their meanings, observances, and significance.